Objectives
- Describe various types of functions that are
available in SQL
- Use character, number, and date functions in
SELECT statements
- Describe the use of conversion functions
Single-Row Functions
- Manipulate data items
- Accept arguments and return one value
- Act on each row that is returned
- Return one result per row
- May modify the data type
- Can be nested
- Accept arguments that can be a column or an
Expression
Type of Single Row Functions:
Type of Character Functions:
Case-Manipulation Functions
Ø Lower ( ) Example
The following SQL statement selects the “ENAM” columns from the “EMP” table, and converts the “ENAME” column to lowercase:
SQL> select lower(ename) from emp;
LOWER(ENAM
———-
smith
allen
ward
jones
martin
Ø Upper ( ) Example
The following SQL statement selects the “ENAME” columns from the “EMP” table, and converts the “ENAME” column to uppercase:
SQL> SELECT UPPER(ENAME) FROM EMP;
UPPER(ENAM
———-
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
JONES
Ø Initcap ( ) Example
The following SQL statement INITCAP convert the first letter of each word to uppercase and remaining letters to lowercase.
SQL> SELECT INITCAP(ENAME) FROM EMP;
INITCAP(EN
———-
Smith
Allen
Ward
Jones
Using Case-Manipulation Functions:
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